Philosophy – Page 4 – Indo-Buddhist Heritage Forum

Buddhist Philosophers and Their Contributions to Buddhism

Buddhist philosophy is a multifaceted tradition with numerous philosophers who have significantly shaped its development over centuries. Here is an extended list of influential Buddhist philosophers and a brief overview of their contributions and philosophies. 1. Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE) Philosophy: Foundational Teachings of BuddhismContributions: The Buddha’s teachings form the core of all Buddhist philosophy. He articulated the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the concept of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). His teachings emphasize the cessation of suffering (dukkha) through ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom. Read More about Buddha here 2. Nagarjuna (2nd Century CE) Philosophy: Madhyamaka (Middle Way)Contributions: Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamaka school, emphasizing the concept of śūnyatā (emptiness) and the middle way between nihilism and eternalism. His “Mūlamadhyamakakārikā” (Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way) is a seminal text in Mahāyāna Buddhism. 3. Aryadeva (3rd Century CE) Philosophy: MadhyamakaContributions: Aryadeva, a disciple of Nagarjuna, wrote the “Catuḥśataka” (Four Hundred Verses), addressing metaphysical and ethical issues and refining the arguments for emptiness. 4. Asanga (4th Century CE) Philosophy: Yogācāra (Vijñānavāda)Contributions: Asanga, along with Vasubandhu, founded the Yogācāra school, focusing on the role of consciousness in the creation of experience. His works include the “Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra” and the “Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra.” 5. Vasubandhu (4th-5th Century CE) Philosophy: Yogācāra, AbhidharmaContributions: Vasubandhu contributed to both Yogācāra and Abhidharma traditions. His “Abhidharmakośa” is a comprehensive treatise on Abhidharma, and his Yogācāra works include the “Trisvabhāvanirdeśa” and “Viṃśatikā.” 6. Dignāga (5th-6th Century CE) Philosophy: Buddhist Logic and EpistemologyContributions: Dignāga founded the school of Buddhist logic and epistemology. His works, such as “Pramāṇasamuccaya,” laid the groundwork for later developments in Buddhist logic, focusing on perception and inference as valid means of knowledge. 7. Dharmakīrti (7th Century CE) Philosophy: Buddhist Epistemology and LogicContributions: Dharmakīrti systematized Buddhist logic and epistemology in works like “Pramāṇavārttika.” He analyzed perception, inference, and the nature of reality, influencing both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions. 8. Candrakīrti (7th Century CE) Philosophy: Prāsaṅgika-MadhyamakaContributions: Candrakīrti is a key figure in the Prāsaṅgika sub-school of Madhyamaka. His commentaries, especially the “Prasannapadā,” provide detailed expositions of Madhyamaka philosophy, emphasizing a dialectical method of refuting inherent existence. 9. Śāntideva (8th Century CE) Philosophy: Madhyamaka, EthicsContributions: Śāntideva’s “Bodhicaryāvatāra” (Guide to the Bodhisattva’s Way of Life) is a classic text on the path of the bodhisattva, blending Madhyamaka philosophy with practical ethical guidance and meditation techniques. 10. Kamalaśīla (8th Century CE) Philosophy: Yogācāra-Madhyamaka SynthesisContributions: Kamalaśīla synthesized Yogācāra and Madhyamaka philosophies in his “Bhāvanākrama” texts, outlining a comprehensive path of meditation. His works influenced Tibetan Buddhism, especially regarding enlightenment and meditation. 11. Śāntarakṣita (8th Century CE) Philosophy: Yogācāra-Madhyamaka SynthesisContributions: Śāntarakṣita played a pivotal role in bringing Buddhism to Tibet. His works, including the “Tattvasaṅgraha,” integrate Yogācāra and Madhyamaka philosophies and engage with non-Buddhist Indian philosophies. 12. Atisha (982-1054 CE) Philosophy: Lamrim (Stages of the Path)Contributions: Atisha’s “Bodhipathapradīpa” (Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment) systematized the Lamrim tradition, outlining a graduated path to enlightenment. His work significantly influenced the development of Tibetan Buddhism. 13. Tsongkhapa (1357-1419 CE) Philosophy: Gelug, Prāsaṅgika-MadhyamakaContributions: Tsongkhapa founded the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism and emphasized the Prāsaṅgika interpretation of Madhyamaka. His works, such as the “Lamrim Chenmo” (Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path), are central to Gelugpa thought. 14. Dōgen (1200-1253 CE) Philosophy: Sōtō ZenContributions: Dōgen founded the Sōtō school of Zen Buddhism in Japan. His writings, especially the “Shōbōgenzō” (Treasury of the True Dharma Eye), emphasize zazen (seated meditation) and the realization of enlightenment in everyday activities. 15. Hakuin Ekaku (1686-1769 CE) Philosophy: Rinzai ZenContributions: Hakuin revitalized the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism in Japan. His emphasis on kōan practice and vigorous training methods significantly influenced the Rinzai tradition, stressing direct realization and experiential wisdom. Conclusion The contributions of these philosophers have profoundly shaped Buddhist thought, practice, and its evolution across different cultures and historical periods. Each philosopher’s unique insights and teachings continue to inspire practitioners and scholars, ensuring the enduring relevance and adaptability of Buddhist philosophy. Read about the Modern Buddhist Philosophers like Dr. B.R Ambedkar here.

The Wisdom of Buddhist Quotes: A Categorized Collection

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Buddhism, a philosophy that originated in ancient India, is known for its profound teachings on life, mindfulness, compassion, and enlightenment. Over centuries, Buddhist teachings have been encapsulated in numerous quotes that continue to inspire and guide individuals. Here, we explore some of the most insightful Buddhist quotes, categorized into various themes for a deeper understanding. 1. Mindfulness and Presence Mindfulness is at the heart of Buddhist practice. It involves being fully present in the moment and aware of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings. These quotes reflect the essence of mindfulness and presence, providing insights and inspiration for living a mindful life. 2. Compassion and Kindness Compassion, or ‘karuna’, is a fundamental Buddhist principle that emphasizes empathy and concern for the suffering of others. These quotes reflect the profound wisdom and emphasis on compassion and kindness in Buddhist teachings. 3. Wisdom and Enlightenment Buddhist teachings encourage the pursuit of wisdom and enlightenment as the path to ultimate freedom. These quotes emphasize the importance of inner wisdom, enlightenment, and the journey of self-discovery in Buddhist teachings. 4. Suffering and Impermanence The concept of ‘dukkha’ (suffering) and the transient nature of life are central to Buddhist teachings. These quotes reflect the Buddhist perspective on the nature of suffering, impermanence, and the path to overcoming them through wisdom and insight. 5. Inner Peace and Happiness Buddhism teaches that true peace and happiness come from within and are not dependent on external circumstances. These quotes emphasize the Buddhist teachings on finding inner peace and happiness through mindfulness, letting go of attachments, and living a life of compassion and understanding. Other Important Buddhist Quotes Quotes by Dalai Lama Quotes by Buddha Quotes by Nagarjuna Quotes by Kamalaśīla Quotes by Dharmakirti Quotes by Candrakīrti In conclusion, the quotes provided from various Buddhist thinkers offer profound insights into life, wisdom, compassion, and inner peace. The diverse perspectives of these thinkers contribute to the rich tapestry of Buddhist literature, guiding individuals on paths towards enlightenment and understanding. The thinkers whose quotes were shared include: Together, these thinkers represent centuries of contemplative wisdom, offering guidance on personal growth, spiritual development, and the pursuit of inner peace through their teachings and philosophical insights. Their contributions continue to resonate and inspire millions worldwide, shaping the practice and understanding of Buddhism in profound ways.

Most asked questions on Buddhism

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Is Buddha Chinese or Indian? Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was an Indian spiritual leader and the founder of Buddhism. He was born in Lumbini, which is currently in modern-day Nepal, around the 5th to 4th century BCE. Although Buddhism spread to many parts of Asia, including China, where it became a major religion, Buddha himself was an Indian and spent most of his life in the region corresponding to present-day India and Nepal. His teachings and philosophy originated in ancient India and have since had a profound influence on various cultures and countries worldwide, including China. What did Buddha say before he died? Before he died, Buddha is said to have given his final teachings to his disciples. His last words, as recorded in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, were: “All conditioned things are subject to decay. Strive on with diligence.” Mahāparinibbāna Sutta In Pali, the original language of many early Buddhist texts, this is: “Vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā.” These words emphasize the impermanence of all things and encourage his followers to continue their practice with earnest effort and mindfulness. Why is Buddhism no longer practiced in India? While Buddhism originated in India and has had a profound influence on the country’s culture and history, its practice declined over the centuries due to various factors such as the resurgence of Hinduism, invasions, and the spread of Islam. However, it is important to note that Buddhism is still practiced in India and remains a significant part of its spiritual and cultural landscape. India is home to many ancient Buddhist sites, such as Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Nalanda, which attract pilgrims and tourists from around the world. The Government of India has been actively promoting these sites through initiatives like the Buddha Circuit, aimed at reviving and preserving India’s rich Buddhist heritage. Moreover, the philosophical ideas shared by Buddha continue to resonate with many Indians. The teachings of Tibetan Buddhism, as promulgated by the Dalai Lama, are also influential and relevant in contemporary Indian society. The principles of compassion, mindfulness, and non-violence taught by Buddha are still deeply embedded in the daily lives of many Indians. In summary, while the number of practicing Buddhists in India may not be as large as in some other countries, Buddhism’s legacy and teachings remain a vital and respected part of India’s cultural and spiritual fabric. Who brought Buddhism to India? Buddhism originated in India, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, around the 5th to 4th century BCE. Therefore, it was not “brought” to India but rather emerged from within the Indian subcontinent itself. The Buddha’s teachings spread throughout India during his lifetime and continued to flourish after his death, with significant contributions from his disciples and later followers. Prominent Indian rulers, such as Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty, played a crucial role in spreading Buddhism across India and beyond. Ashoka, who ruled in the 3rd century BCE, converted to Buddhism and vigorously promoted the teachings of the Buddha through edicts, stupas, and missionary efforts, both within his empire and in neighboring regions.

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What is Neo Buddhism?

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Neo Buddhism, also known as Ambedkarite Buddhism or Navayana Buddhism, is a modern reinterpretation and adaptation of traditional Buddhist teachings. This movement was founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in the mid-20th century as a means to combat social inequality and discrimination, particularly against Dalits (formerly known as “untouchables”) in India. Ambedkar’s vision for Neo Buddhism was not just a religious transformation but also a social revolution aimed at uplifting marginalized communities. Who Founded Neo Buddhism? Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, a prominent Indian jurist, economist, and social reformer, is the founder of Neo Buddhism. Born into a Dalit family, Ambedkar experienced firsthand the severe discrimination and social exclusion faced by his community. Despite these challenges, he became a leading figure in the fight against caste oppression and was instrumental in drafting the Indian Constitution. Disillusioned with the social injustices perpetuated by the caste system within Hinduism, Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in 1956, along with hundreds of thousands of his followers, marking the beginning of the Neo Buddhist movement. How is Neo Buddhism Performing in India? Since its inception, Neo Buddhism has gained a significant following in India. The movement has inspired numerous conversions and has led to the establishment of various Buddhist institutions, educational centers, and social organizations. Neo Buddhism has also played a crucial role in the resurgence of Buddhist culture and heritage in India. Despite the growth the Neo Buddhism’s growth is retarding now. The Impact of Neo Buddhism on Indian Society Though Neo Buddhism as a movement has faced its share of challenges, its impact on Indian society has been profound and lasting. Ambedkar’s reinterpretation of Buddhism provided a powerful framework for addressing social inequalities and fostering a sense of dignity and self-worth among Dalits. The principles of Neo Buddhism have influenced various aspects of Indian society, including: Dr. Ambedkar’s Vision and Modifications Ambedkar’s reinterpretation of Buddhism addressed several limitations he identified within traditional Buddhist teachings. He questioned the legend of the Buddha’s isolation, the causes of suffering, the concepts of karma and rebirth, and the role of ordained practitioners. Ambedkar proposed a radical re-interpretation of nirvana, emphasizing its attainment through societal peace and justice rather than individual enlightenment. His vision of Navayāna Buddhism prioritized education, social activism, and community engagement as essential components of spiritual practice. Dr. Ambedkar’s Challenge to Traditional Buddhism Ambedkar’s approach challenges conventional notions of Buddhist practice, advocating for a more engaged and socially conscious form of Buddhism. He viewed Buddhism as a dynamic and evolving tradition that must adapt to address contemporary issues of injustice and inequality. Rather than retreating from the world, Ambedkar urged his followers to actively participate in social reform, education, and advocacy for marginalized communities. His teachings continue to inspire millions of individuals, embodying the spirit of compassion, activism, and social justice. Conclusion Neo Buddhism, founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, has made significant strides in transforming the social landscape of India. By addressing the deep-rooted issues of caste discrimination and advocating for social justice, equality, and empowerment, the movement has left an indelible mark on Indian society. Despite challenges, Neo Buddhism continues to inspire and drive positive change, embodying the timeless values of compassion, wisdom, and human dignity that are central to Buddhist teachings.

What Are Buddhists Not Allowed to Do?

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Buddhism, with its rich philosophical and ethical framework, offers guidelines to help individuals lead a life that minimizes suffering and promotes spiritual growth. These guidelines are encapsulated in the Five Precepts, which serve as ethical imperatives for lay Buddhists. By adhering to these precepts, Buddhists aim to cultivate moral discipline, reduce harmful actions, and advance on their path to enlightenment. Here’s an exploration of what Buddhists are not allowed to do according to these core precepts. The Five Precepts The Five Precepts are the basic ethical guidelines followed by Buddhists. These precepts are not commandments but principles to encourage moral and mindful living. Additional Precepts and Guidelines For those who take their practice further, such as monks and nuns, there are additional precepts and monastic rules that guide their conduct more strictly. These may include celibacy, simplicity, and a commitment to non-attachment. Practicing Mindfulness and Ethical Living Beyond the precepts, Buddhists are encouraged to practice mindfulness and cultivate positive mental states such as loving-kindness (metta), compassion (karuna), empathetic joy (mudita), and equanimity (upekkha). By fostering these qualities, Buddhists aim to reduce suffering for themselves and others, thereby adhering to the overarching principle of non-harm. The Role of Intent In Buddhism, the intention behind actions is crucial. Buddhists are encouraged to develop right intention, which means acting with awareness and compassion. This focus on intent helps ensure that actions align with the ethical guidelines of Buddhism. Cultural and Sectarian Variations Different Buddhist traditions and cultures may have additional rules or interpretations of the precepts. For example: Conclusion Buddhists are guided by ethical precepts that prohibit actions harmful to oneself and others. These include refraining from killing, stealing, engaging in sexual misconduct, lying, and using intoxicants. By following these precepts, Buddhists aim to lead a life of mindfulness, compassion, and integrity, paving the way for spiritual growth and enlightenment. The emphasis on intention and the cultivation of positive mental states further supports their commitment to ethical living and the reduction of suffering for all beings.

What Do Buddhists Believe Happens After Death?

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Most Buddhists believe that death marks the end of this life and the passage into the next. It is just one spoke among infinite spokes in samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. According to the Buddha, beings go through countless births and deaths until they gain enlightenment. The Cycle of Samsara Samsara is the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth that all beings are subject to until they attain enlightenment. This continuous cycle is driven by karma (actions) and the attachment and desires that create suffering. The goal of Buddhist practice is to break free from samsara and achieve Nirvana, a state of liberation and freedom from suffering. Karma and Rebirth According to Buddhist scripture, rebirth occurs because of the clinging and desire that cause us to suffer. The ego is so powerful that even when the body dies, the mind continues its clinging and searching. This creates a bridge to another body, resulting in rebirth. The circumstances of rebirth are determined by karma, which is the accumulated result of a person’s actions in this and previous lives. Good karma can lead to a favorable rebirth, while bad karma can result in less favorable conditions. The Importance of the Mind at Death The attitude of the mind at the time of death is crucial in determining the nature of the next rebirth. Buddhists believe that the less fear and aversion a person experiences at death, and the more focus, calm, and equanimity they maintain, the more likely they will be reborn in good circumstances. This is why preparing the mind for death through meditation is a core element of Buddhist practice. Varied Beliefs Among Buddhist Traditions Different Buddhist traditions have various interpretations and practices related to death and rebirth: Theravada Buddhism Theravada Buddhists, found primarily in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, believe that rebirth can be immediate. They emphasize individual practice and adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhists, prevalent in East Asia, believe in a range of intermediate states and often venerate bodhisattvas—enlightened beings who help others achieve enlightenment. They also engage in practices like chanting and sending goodwill to aid the deceased. Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhists have detailed teachings about the intermediate state between death and rebirth, known as the bardo. According to Tibetan belief, this state can last up to 49 days, during which the deceased undergo various experiences that can influence their next rebirth. The “Tibetan Book of the Dead” provides guidance for navigating this state. Preparing for Death Buddhists prepare for death through practices that cultivate a positive and peaceful mind. This includes meditation, ethical living, and generating merit through good deeds. At the time of death, monks or family members may chant scriptures and offer prayers to help the deceased achieve a favorable rebirth. Conclusion In Buddhism, death is seen as a transition rather than an end. The cycle of samsara continues until one attains enlightenment. The nature of one’s rebirth is determined by karma and the state of mind at death. Different Buddhist traditions offer various teachings and practices to support the deceased on their journey to the next life. Through meditation, ethical conduct, and preparation, Buddhists strive to face death with calm and equanimity, aiming for a favorable rebirth and ultimately liberation from the cycle of samsara.

Does Buddhism Believe in God?

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Buddhism, a major world religion with deep philosophical roots, often prompts questions about its stance on the existence of God. Unlike many other religious traditions, Buddhism has a unique perspective on divinity and spirituality. Here, we explore whether Buddhism believes in God, how different sects view this concept, and the role of deities in Buddhist practice. The Concept of God in Buddhism Buddhism does not adhere to the concept of a single, omnipotent creator God as found in monotheistic religions like Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. Instead, it focuses on the individual’s journey toward enlightenment and the understanding of reality. The absence of a central god figure distinguishes Buddhism from many other religious systems. The Role of Deities While Buddhism does not believe in a supreme creator God, it acknowledges the existence of various deities, spirits, and supernatural beings. These entities are often seen in the context of cultural and regional beliefs rather than central religious doctrine. In many Buddhist traditions, especially Mahayana and Vajrayana, these deities are considered symbolic representations of various aspects of enlightenment and human qualities. The Buddha’s Perspective Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, did not deny or confirm the existence of gods. Instead, he emphasized that belief in gods is not essential for achieving enlightenment. The Buddha’s teachings focus on practical steps to end suffering and attain Nirvana through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. His approach is pragmatic, prioritizing ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom over theological speculation. Different Sects and Their Views Buddhism is not monolithic; it comprises several sects, each with its own interpretations and practices. Here’s a brief overview of how different Buddhist sects view the concept of God and deities: Theravada Buddhism Theravada Buddhism, the oldest school of Buddhism, is often called the “Teaching of the Elders.” It focuses strictly on the teachings of the historical Buddha and does not emphasize the worship of deities. Theravada practitioners aim for individual enlightenment through rigorous practice and adherence to the Buddha’s original teachings. Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism, known as the “Great Vehicle,” includes a broader array of teachings and practices. It acknowledges the existence of numerous bodhisattvas (enlightened beings who help others achieve enlightenment) and deities. These figures are revered and venerated, but they are not seen as omnipotent gods. Instead, they symbolize various aspects of the enlightened mind and serve as inspirational guides. Vajrayana Buddhism Vajrayana Buddhism, or the “Diamond Vehicle,” is a branch of Mahayana that incorporates esoteric practices and rituals. It features a rich pantheon of deities, including tantric gods and goddesses, who represent different aspects of the cosmos and the enlightened state. These deities are integral to Vajrayana meditation practices and are used as aids in the practitioner’s spiritual journey. Conclusion Buddhism offers a distinctive perspective on divinity, emphasizing personal enlightenment and the understanding of reality over belief in a creator God. While it acknowledges the existence of various deities in different cultural contexts, these are not central to its teachings. The Buddha’s pragmatic approach encourages individuals to seek liberation from suffering through ethical living, mental discipline, and wisdom. As a result, Buddhism provides a path to spiritual awakening that is accessible to all, regardless of their belief in God.

What Are the Basic Beliefs of Buddhism?

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Buddhism, one of the world’s oldest and most profound spiritual traditions, originated in India over 2,500 years ago with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. At its core, Buddhism offers a path to enlightenment and liberation from suffering, emphasizing ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom. Here are the fundamental beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism: 1. The Four Noble Truths The essence of Buddha’s teachings is encapsulated in the Four Noble Truths, which diagnose the human condition and prescribe a path to overcome suffering: 2. The Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path is a practical guide to ethical and mental development, aimed at freeing individuals from suffering and achieving enlightenment. It is divided into three categories: wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline: 3. The Three Marks of Existence Buddhism teaches that all phenomena share three fundamental characteristics: 4. The Five Precepts Ethical conduct in Buddhism is guided by the Five Precepts, which are basic guidelines for living a morally upright life: 5. Karma and Rebirth Karma, the law of moral causation, is a central tenet in Buddhism. It holds that intentional actions, whether good or bad, bring corresponding results in this life or future lives. This cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) continues until one achieves enlightenment (nirvana), breaking free from the cycle of suffering. 6. Meditation and Mindfulness Meditation is a crucial practice in Buddhism, aimed at developing concentration, clarity, emotional positivity, and a calm seeing of the true nature of things. Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present in each moment, is essential for gaining insight and achieving mental tranquility. Conclusion Buddhism offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the nature of human existence and a practical path to transcend suffering. Its teachings on the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, the Three Marks of Existence, ethical precepts, and the concepts of karma and rebirth provide a profound and accessible means to cultivate wisdom, compassion, and inner peace. As more people seek solace and meaning in an increasingly complex world, the timeless wisdom of Buddhism continues to resonate and inspire.

THE TEN OX HEARDING PICTURES OF ZEN

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The Ten Ox Heading pictures illustrate the journey we all take into spiritual inquiry. They were originally compiled by the Sung Dynasty Zen Master Kakuan. The Ten Ox Hearding pictures encapsulate the teaching beyond words, touching what we all know. I first encountered them in the famous book Zen Flesh Zen Bones, which is one of the earliest books post war to attempt to make Zen Buddhism reachable in English, calling them 10 Bulls, in that book Paul Reps was able to include reproductions of Tomikichiro Tokuriki’s woodblock prints, the originals of which reside at Jizo-in Temple in Kyoto. Tokuriki’s pictures are of course well known now on the internet and interested readers will easily find them. The Ten Ox Hearding pictures, are everyone’s universal journey in life and Zen. The Ox initially represents the separation we feel we are in, What is this? Who is this? Who is asking? How do I resolve this? And the initial sense of present, the Ox is missing, but the Ox is also imagined to be salient and tangible, something to be found and retrieved. The paradox of Buddhism has always been, to cure suffering, to have an Awakening realization, we must start from feeling there is something lost, missing, ultimately mind itself. Then we must catch that, only to learn how to let it go, transform. Then finally we become useful in world, because without that any realization is incomplete and still tainted. In Buddhism there is the Awakening of the Tathagata Buddha himself, which would have been incomplete if he had not undertaken to teach afterwards. In the present age when we are flooded by everything around us in ways that we have never before, clarity is more important than ever before. We find ourselves alone in the noise of this world wondering… The Ox is lost, escaped. The intangible Dharma, It. We know It is out there somewhere. Where to direct our attention? How to keep our attention? How to discern? With nothing and yet we can’t see anything. It remains at a distance. Following the traces, taking action to seek it out. Practice begins out of affinity. Who am I? What am I? What is this? What is It? Questions with unseen answers, yet knowing and experiencing circumstances to seek It out. Something of a path hints the way, yet it’s far off. The Ox is seen, we see deeper into the Great Question but we still have no answer. The Ox is separate, that’s how we see our selves. Everyday there are things that seem so important, so separate, even seeking Great Awakening is an Ox in the distance. In fact the size of the dilemma is shaping up. But faith makes its appearance as well as doubt. The struggle. Sitting zazen, reading the sutras, one on one with our teacher, and the personal moments we have of Great Doubt and Great Faith. Like struggling to bring the Ox under control. Catching it, small realization, though as yet incomplete. The Ox captured but still side by side. Riding it home, in harmony with the Ox, no longer wild, tame. This is in fact the most dangerous time, when we might settle for small achievement and mistake taming the Ox for completion of the Great Matter of life and death. Returning home, non-differentiation, no Ox, no chasing. Nothing separate. Zen teaches that there is in the end no Buddha, nothing separate, Mind it’s self is Buddha, the morning sunrise and the evening moonrise are just facets of the same truth. The home we return to is the home we never left. Completion. The realization of absolute spirituality, Awakening and Ignorance, beyond distinctions. The Ox, the Dharma, all our ideas no longer exist. The source of all things. Real Realization, Awakening sees the true relationship of all things. Returning never having truly left. All things as one, not two not three. Returning to the world. The Bodhisattva Way. True spiritual realization, matured, is practiced in the world, having left the house of minds. Without this we cannot say the Dharma, It, is truly known and functioning. Philosophically Zen is shares with many other traditions the embracing of doubt and faith. But faith in Buddhism is not the faith in other that it is in traditions such as Christianity for example faith in Buddhism is self faith, as is doubt, not just doubt of the world around us, such as the evil one tricked me, but doubt as in what am I doing? Faith and doubt take on the shape of self responsibility. Then of course Zen uniquely follows the historical Buddha’s example of meditation and the precedence of interaction he showed with the disciple Arhats, the one on one dynamic exchange that helps us clarify and authenticate. The Tathagata Buddha opened his eye, he took this same path as described in the Ten Ox Hearding pictures, which is also your journey, and then he passed that to the next generation and so forth. Though we might say details of life have changed, 2500 years ago is a long time to know their lives, in fact it’s inconceivable to us in the present age, however the Ten Ox Hearding Pictures speak across time to common humanity. This has always been the core of Buddhism. Buddhism itself is new in the length of time of human history, it’s a single section of a tall bamboo by comparison, but the bamboo of today is still the bamboo of millions of years ago, just as we today can see what Zen master Kakuan saw, and the Tathagata Buddha saw. In this sense of common purpose and destination there is no age. In Buddhism wisdom is not just a philosophical ideal, it’s the embodiment of truth, Bodhi, and therefore the embodiment of Compassion. Not stopping at Buddha and self Awakening but becoming the Bodhisattva, beyond self, wisdom shared.

Revealing the Essence: Longchen Rabjam’s Philosophical Discourse on Phenomenal Existence

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In the intricate tapestry of philosophical thought, few voices resonate as profoundly as that of Longchen Rabjam, a Dzogchen Master whose teachings continue to illuminate the path of seekers across generations. In this article, we delve into the third part of his profound discourse on the philosophical view of phenomenal existents, as elucidated by Tulku Thondup. Reaching the Great Perfection (i) Emptiness is the essence of appearances. Consider the reflections in a mirror—they are inseparable from the clear surface of the mirror itself. In truth, these reflections are not distinct from the inherent luminosity of the mirror. Similarly, all phenomena lack independent existence apart from emptiness. (ii) Emptiness pervades the discriminating mind. While one engages with appearances that lack inherent existence: Observe the discriminating mind, which, like the sky, remains free from the biases of acceptance and rejection. In the vast expanse of the sky, clouds form and dissipate, yet the sky’s nature remains undivided and pure. Likewise, the mind is pristine and untouched—a primordial Buddha, inherently free and spontaneously complete. The observing mind transcends the arising of objects, and the forms of external appearances lose their hold. It represents the culmination of time into the spaciousness of nature, as the mind finds liberation upon the emergence of objects. Just as clouds dissolve back into the sky without leaving, so too do all phenomena arise, dwell, and ultimately dissolve within the unborn sphere of emptiness. Every sensation emerges from emptiness, resides within it, and eventually dissolves back into it. (iii) Objects and the mind are inseparable from emptiness. The perceived object and the perceiving senses manifest like a fleeting dream, devoid of inherent duality. Thus, they are to be understood beyond the concepts of acquisition or rejection. Recognizing the emptiness of all that appears, akin to the illusion of water in a mirage, one should cultivate an aimless mind, perceiving all phenomena as mere reflections. (iv) The ephemeral nature of objects and the boundless nature of the mind. In understanding the transient nature of objects and embracing the aimlessness of the mind, one finds liberation. Conclusion: Embracing the Essence In the absence of grasping, the natural awareness dawns, illuminating the path to spontaneous realization. As we reflect on these profound insights, may we awaken to the luminous essence of our being, transcending the limitations of the mind and embracing the boundless expanse of reality. In the words of Ajahn Chah, “The dissolving of the thoughts into the basis is like water being poured into water,” echoing the timeless wisdom of these teachings. Subscribe our YouTube Channel for more : https://www.youtube.com/@ibhforum

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